Which of the following is NOT considered nonverbal communication?

Written messages are not considered nonverbal communication because they rely on the use of words and symbols to convey meaning. Nonverbal communication encompasses all forms of communication that do not involve spoken or written language; it includes facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. These elements can convey emotions, intentions, and reactions without the need for articulated language. For instance, a smile can indicate happiness or approval, while crossed arms may suggest defensiveness or discomfort. Written messages, in contrast, communicate through text and require cognitive processing of the literal words, which distinctly separates them from the realm of nonverbal signals.